Part One Overview of the Banking Industry in China
第一部分 中国银行业概述
I. The Role of the Banking Sector in China中国银行业的作用
1. 第一段到第六段阐述了银行的五大职能,即吸收存款、发放贷款、传导货币政策、提供支付体系,转化风险。第一段进行了提纲契领的概括。第二段至第六段进行了分述。
Although banks share many common features with other profit-seeking businesses, they play a unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings, allocating capital funds to finance productive investment, transmitting monetary policy, providing a payment system and transforming risks.尽管银行与其他以盈利为目的的企业具有许多共同的特征,但它在国民经济中还发挥着特殊的作用。银行可以动员储蓄,为生产性企业投资调配资金,传递货币政策,提供支付体系,转化风险。
本句是一个由从属连词although引导的让步状语从句,主句是后面的they play a unique role in……。
share vt.分享, 共有
common features共同特征
feature n.特征,特色
profit-seeking business追求利润的企业;以盈利为目的的企业
business n.commercial enterprise企业;工商企业
play a (unique) role (in)…(在……方面)起作用
unique a.唯一的, 独特的
句中的through mobilizing …, allocating …, transmitting …, providing … and transforming …是由through引导的介词短语,作状语。其结构是介词后面跟了5个动名词,各动名词又有自己的宾语。
mobilize savings动员储蓄(存款)
mobilize vt.集合(人或物)以作某用途
例:to mobilize one's resources聚集财富(以便…)
savings n.存款,储蓄金
allocate capital funds to finance productive investment为生产性企业投资调配资金
allocate vt.分派, 分配
capital funds 投资资金
capital n.资本, 资金
fund n.基金:为特定目的而拨出的钱款
例:a pension fund.退休基金
funds (pl.) available money; ready cash现金;预付金
例:short on funds.现金短缺
finance vt.供给...资金, 负担经费
productive investment生产性投资,即将资金投入到生产性企业
transmit monetary policy传导货币政策
transmit vt.转送, 传导
monetary policy货币政策,即中央银行关于货币供应量方面的政策
provide a payment system提供支付(结算)系统
system n. a social, economic, or political organizational form社会、经济或政治组织形式:制度;系统;体系
transform risks转化风险
transform vt.转换, 改变
risk n.the possibility of suffering harm or loss; danger危险,风险:遭受损害或损失的可能性
2.
First, banks serve as a principal repository of liquid funds for the public. The safety and availability of such funds for transactions and other purposes are essential to the stability and efficiency of the financial system.第一,银行是社会流动资金的集散地。银行吸纳的资金可用于储户的日常交易或其他目的,这种资金的安全性和可获得性,对保证金融体系的稳定和效率至关重要。
serve vi.to act in a particular capacity作为:以某一能力工作
例:serve as a clerk.作为职员
principal repository集散地;枢纽
principal a.主要的, 首要的
repository n.仓库;储藏所
liquid funds流动资金
liquid a.流动的;可兑换成现金的
例:liquid assets流动资产
public n.公众, (特定的)人群
transaction n.交易, 业务, 事务
例:business transaction商业交易,经济业务
foreign exchange transaction外汇交易
essential a.必需的;基本的
例:Food is essential to life.食物是维持生命不可或缺的。
safety and availability of such funds这种资金的安全性和可获得性
availability n.可用性, 有效性
例:availability of credit信贷的可用(有效)性
available a.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的
stability and efficiency of the financial system金融体系的稳定和效率
stability n.稳定性
efficiency n.the ratio of the effective or useful output to the total input in any system效率:在金融系统中有效的或有用的产出与总投入的比率
3.
Second, by channeling savings to productive investments, banks play a key role in facilitating efficient allocation of scarce financial resources.第二,银行通过将储蓄引导到生产性投资领域,在有效配置有限的金融资源方面起着关键的作用。
channel n.水道, 沟 vt.引导
key a.关键的;意义重大的
facilitate vt.to make easy 使容易
efficient allocation有效配置
allocation n.分配;配给
scarce financial resources有限的金融资源
scarce a.insufficient; short in supply缺乏的;短缺的
4.
Third, banks serve to transmit the impulses of monetary policy to the whole financial system and ultimately to the real economy.第三,银行将货币政策态势的变化传导到整个金融系统并最终至实体经济部门。
transmit …to…and to…将……传导到……和传导到……
impulse of monetary policy货币政策态势
impulse n.推动, 冲动;(转)突然的决定
例:impulse buy冲动性购买;非计划内购买
ultimately ad.最后, 终于
the real economy实体经济部门
economy n.经济组织;经济部门
5.
Fourth, the banking sector provides the indispensable national payments mechanism for the development of modern financial and business systems.第四,银行部门为现代财政和企业体制的发展提供必要的国家支付体系。
banking sector银行业;银行部门
sector n.a part or division, as of a city or a national economy部门:一个部分或分支,如城市的或国民经济的
例:public sector公共经济部门
private sector私营经济部门
辨异:banking industry银行业;金融业
industry n.a specific branch of manufacture and trade行业:制造业或商业中具体的分支
例:insurance industry保险业
retailing industry零售业
indispensable a.不可缺少的, 绝对必要的
national payments mechanism国家支付机制(体系)
mechanism n.机制
例:market mechanism市场机制
price mechanism价格机制
modern financial and business systems现代金融企业体制(体系)
6.
Fifth, the banking system as a whole reduces risks through aggregation and enables them to be carried by those more willing to bear them.第五,整个银行体系在汇集风险的同时,减少了风险,使更乐意承担风险者有条件承担风险去。
reduce risks减少风险
aggregation (of risks)风险积聚(汇集)
aggregation n.集合, 聚合
carry them(risks)承担风险
(those) more willing to bear them(risks)更愿意承担风险的(那些人)
more willing to bear them是形容词短语,修饰前面的代词those;those=those people
7.从第七段开始,对中国银行业的改革发展的历程进行了回顾。第七段作为过度段落,起着承上启下的作用。
Following five decades of evolution, particularly more than two decades of reform and opening to the outside world, China's banking sector has entered a stage of vigorous development. 中国银行业经过50年的发展,特别是经过20多年的改革开放,已经进人了一个蓬勃发展的阶段。
decade n.十年
evolution n.gradual development渐次发展;逐渐的发展
opening to the outside world对外开放
enter a stage (of…)进入一个阶段
The past few years have seen marked acceleration of China's banking reform, particularly significant strengthening of the central bank's capacity for supervision and macroeconomic management; substantial improvement in the management of the commercial banks, and greater openness of the banking industry.在过去的几年中,中国银行业的改革速度显著加快,特别是强化了中央银行的监管职能和宏观调控能力,商业银行经营管理大有改善,银行业对外开放进一步扩大。
marked acceleration明显加快
marked a.evident; noticeable明显的,显著的
acceleration n.加速
banking reform银行改革;金融改革
significant strengthening大大强化
significant a.重大的;效果显著的
strengthen v.加强, 巩固
capacity for supervision and macroeconomic management监管能力和宏观经济调控能力
capacity n.能力
macroeconomic management宏观经济管理(调控)
substantial improvement大有改善
substantial a.大量的;巨大的
例:substantial increase大幅度增长
substantial reduction大幅度削减
improvement n.改进, 进步
openness of the banking industry银行业对外开放
8.第八段叙述了中国银行业发展演变的三个阶段,从1948年12月到1948年12月为第一阶段,这个阶段以中国人民银行集政策性银行业务和商业银行业务于一身为特征。
The evolution of the Chinese banking system can be broadly divided into three phases. The establishment of the People's Bank of China (PBC) in December 1948 marked the beginning of the first phase, which was characterized by a mono-bank engaged in both policy and commercial banking operations. It was dictated by highly centralized planned economic system.现代中国银行业体制的发展演变大体上分为三个阶段。1948年12月,中国人民银行的建立标志着第一阶段的开始。这个阶段以中国人民银行集政策性银行业务和商业银行业务于一身为特征。这种体制是由高度集中的计划经济体制决定的。
divided into分开;划分
broadly ad.粗略地;大概地
mark vt.指出,标明
characterize vt.表…特点;具有…特征
mono-bank单一银行制
engaged in both policy and commercial banking operations
engaged in…从事……业务(活动)
policy and commercial banking operations政策性银行业务和商业银行业务
dictate v.to control or command控制,支配
highly centralized planned economic system高度集中的计划经济体制
9. 第二阶段从1984年到1993年,国务院决定由中国人民银行行使中央银行的职能,先后组建了四大专业银行(中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行和中国建设银行),即现在人们所说的四家国有独资商业银行。
The second phase began in 1984 when the State Council decided to make the PBC function as a central bank. The decision, which was made in response to the increased role of market forces in the economy, promoted diversification of financial institutions with the establishment of the four specialized banks ( the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Bank of China, and the China Construction Bank), now known as wholly state-owned commercial banks.第二阶段始于1984年。是国务院决定由中国人民银行行使中央银行的职能。这项决定是针对当时市场经济活动在整个国民经济生活中的作用明显提高的情况作出的,它促进了金融机构多元化的发展,先后组建了四大专业银行(中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行和中国建设银行),即现在人们所说的四家国有独资商业银行。
make the PBC function as a central bank由中国人民银行行使中央银行职能
in response to响应, 适应
market forces市场因素
promote diversification促进多元化
financial institutions金融机构
specialized banks专业银行
10. 第三阶段始于1993年到现在。在这一阶段我国的现代金融体系基本形成。如果说再分为第四阶段的话,那就是从2004年初开始,国务院决定向中国银行和中国建设银行注资,即动用国家外汇储备450亿美元。开启了国有商业银行股份制改革,上市的新阶段。
The third phase began in 1993 when the State Council issued the Decision on Financial Reform,. recognizing the urgent need for developing new financial markets, institutions and instruments. 第三阶段始于1993年。那一年国务院颁发了《关于金融体制改革的决定》,强调了建立和发展新的金融市场、金融机构以及金融工具的重要性和紧迫性。
Decision on Financial Reform金融体制改革的决定
financial markets金融市场
financial instruments金融工具
The government introduced a comprehensive package of measures aimed at restoring financial order as well as addressing the inflationary pressure and signs of overheating, particularly in the real estate sector and the stock markets.政府采取了一系列措施以整顿金融秩序,应对通货膨胀的压力及经济过热现象,尤其是房地产和股票市场的过热现象。
a comprehensive package of measures一系列措施
aim at…旨在……;目的为……
restore financial order恢复金融秩序
restore vt.恢复, 使回复
address the inflationary pressure应对通货膨胀的压力
address vt.从事, 忙于
signs of overheating经济过热现象
overheating(经济)过热;热度过高
real estate sector房地产业
stock markets股票市场
11. 本段概述了第三阶段金融改革的简要历程,即六个阶段。
During this period a number of important structural measures have been taken with particular significance for the banking sector. 在这一阶段中,政府对银行部门进行了一系列具有重要意义的结构性调整。
structural measures结构性调整(措施)
significance n.意义;重要性
The first was the unification of the renminbi (RMB) exchange rates and foreign exchange markets in January 1994.第一,1994年1月实行了人民币汇率并轨,并建立了统一的外汇市场。
unification of the renminbi (RMB) exchange rates人民币汇率并轨
unification n.统一, 合一
foreign exchange markets外汇市场
Second, the passage of central banking and commercial banking laws in 1995 has provided legal basis for the banking system in China. 第二,1995年通过中央银行法和商业银行法为中国的银行体制改革提供了法律依据。
passage n.通过, 经过
central banking laws中央银行法
commercial banking laws商业银行法
provided for提供
legal basis法律依据;法律基础
Third, the acceptance of the obligations of Article VIII of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund in December 1996, namely commitment to RMB current account convertibility, has officially removed the remaining restrictions on international payments for trade and service transactions. 第三,1996年12月,我国接受国际货币基金协定第八条义务,承诺人民币在经常账户下可兑换,消除了官方对国际商品和服务贸易的外汇支付限制。
obligation n.义务, 职责
Article VIII第八条款
Agreement of the International Monetary Fund国际货币基金协定
commitment n.许诺, 承担义务
RMB current account convertibility人民币在经常账户下可兑换
remove vt.移动, 去除
restriction n.限制, 约束
international payments国际支付
trade and service transactions贸易和劳务交易
Fourth, the establishment of a unified inter-bank money market in 1996 has facilitated better liquidity adjustment for financial institutions. 第四,1996年建立了统一的银行间拆借市场,为金融机构调整流动性创造了更好的条件。
unified inter-bank money market
unified a.统一的, 统一标准的, 一元化的
inter- 表示“在一起, 交互”之义
inter-bank银行间的,银行同业的
money market货币市场
facilitate vt.使容易, 使便利, 推动, 促进
liquidity adjustment流动性调整
Fifth, the gradual shift from direct to indirect monetary policy instruments has greatly improved transmission of monetary policy and effectiveness of macroeconomic management. 第五,货币政策工具由直接到间接的逐渐改变,极大地改善了货币政策的传递效果和宏观经济管理效率。
gradual shift逐渐改变
shift n.移动, 变化
monetary policy instruments货币政策工具(货币政策工具分为一般性工具和选择性工具。一般性货币政策工具包括公开市场操作、存款准备金和再贴现;选择性货币政策工具包括贷款规模控制、特种存款、对金融企业窗口指导等。一般性货币政策工具多属于间接调控工具,选择性货币政策工具多属于直接调控工具。)
transmission of monetary policy货币政策传导(货币政策传导机制是指从运用货币政策到实现货币政策目标的过程。金融宏观调控方式逐步转化,货币市场进一步发展,从中央银行→货币市场→金融机构→企业的货币政策传导体系逐渐形成。)
transmission n.传送, 传导, 转播
effectiveness of macroeconomic management宏观经济管理效率
macroeconomic n.宏观经济;整体经济
effectiveness n.效率;效果
Sixth, the segregation of banking business from securities and insurance business has contributed to the stability of the financial system in a transition period characterized by massive institutional changes, inadequate regulatory resources and insufficient self-discipline. 第六,在体制大幅调整,监管能力不足以及行业自律意识不强的转型情况下,实行了银行与证券业、保险业的分业经营,保证了整个金融体制的稳定。
segregation n.隔离;分开
banking business银行业务
securities business证券业务
insurance business保险业务
contribute (to) vi.助成, 促成
transition period转型期
characterize vt.表现...的特色, 以...为特征
massive institutional changes重大的制度变革
institutional a.制度上的;规定的
inadequate regulatory resources监管能力不足
inadequate a.不充分的, 不适当的
regulatory agency管理机构
regulatory framework规章制度
regulatory measures控制措施
insufficient self-discipline自律意识不强
insufficient a.不足的, 不够的
self-discipline自律;自我约束
12.
In addition, three policy banks (the State Development Bank, the Agricultural Development Bank of China and the Export and Import Bank of China) were established in 1994 to facilitate the separation of policy banking from commercial banking operations. 此外,1994年国家成立了三家政策性银行(国家开发银行、中国农业发展银行和中国进出口银行),从而促使了政策性银行业务与商业银行业务的分离。
policy bank政策性银行
policy banking operations政策性银行业务
commercial banking operations商业银行业务
These policy-banking institutions have embarked on a track of steady development. They are playing an important role in financing major infrastructural projects and promoting agricultural development and international trade.这些政策性金融机构已经步人稳定发展的轨道。它们在国家重大基础建设项目融资、促进农业发展和国际贸易等方面,发挥着重要的作用。
policy-banking institutions政策性金融机构
embarked on a track of…: 步人稳定……轨道
major infrastructural projects重大基础建设项目
13. 本段总结了我国经过多年的改革努力,已建立起了一个由中央银行为领导、国有独资商业银行与股份制商业银行为主体、多种非银行金融机构配套的金融体系。
Through years of reform efforts, China has developed a banking system consisting mainly of the wholly state-owned commercial banks and joint-equity commercial banks under the supervision of the central bank, the People's Bank of China. 经过多年的改革努力,中国已建立起了一个在中央银行——中国人民银行监管下的以国有独资商业银行与股份制商业银行为主体的银行体系。
wholly state-owned commercial banks国有独资商业银行
joint-equity commercial banks股份制商业银行
under the supervision of…: 在……监管下
As of the end of 2000, China's banking system had three policy banks, four wholly state-owned commercial banks and more than 100 joint-equity commercial banks. 到2000年底,中国的银行体系拥有三家政策性银行,四家国有独资商业银行,以及100多家股份制商业银行。
As of在...时;到...时为止
The non-bank financial sector mainly consisted of trust and investment companies, securities firms, finance companies and insurance firms as well as many urban and rural credit cooperatives.非银行金融机构主要包括信托投资公司、证券公司、财务公司、保险公司以及众多城乡信用合作社。
trust and investment companies信托投资公司
securities firms证券公司
finance companies财务公司
insurance firms保险公司
urban credit cooperatives城市信用合作社
rural credit cooperatives农村信用合作社
14. 本段总结了我国在金融体制改革的同时在国民经济方面所取得的成就。
The stabilization and adjustment efforts that began in 1993 brought the economy to a soft landing. 1993年政府开始实施稳定和调整政策,实现了我国经济的软着陆。
soft landing软着陆(“软着陆”的基本经济含义是国民经济的运行经过一段适度扩张之后,平稳地回落到适度增长区间。“软着陆”是相对于“硬着陆”即大起大落方式而言的。)
Inflation measured by retail price index declined from the peak of 21.7 percent in 1994 to 0. 8 percent in 1997 and remained subdued in the following years while real GDP growth moderated gradually from 13.5 percent in 1993 to a more sustainable rate. 由零售物价指数来衡量的通货膨胀率从1994年21.7%的高点下落到1997年的0.8%,并且在后来的几年中一直被控制在一个较低的水平上,而国内生产总值实际增长率也从1993年的13.5%逐渐回落到可持续发展的水平上。
retail price index零售物价指数(零售物价指数是反映城市、农村商品零售价格变动趋势的一种经济指数。零售物价指数采用加权算术平均公式计算。)
peak n.顶点, (记录的)最高峰
subdued a.被抑制的, 减弱的
moderate v.缓和
sustainable rate持续发展(速度)
sustainable a.可以持续的, 足可支撑的
rate n.比率, 速度
The robust macroeconomic growth has been sustained since then despite the negative impact of the Asian financial crisis. The external sector performance also improved significantly during the period. 此后,尽管受到亚洲金融危机的不利影响,中国宏观经济仍然保持着强劲的增长势头。
sustain vt.维持, 持续
negative impact负面影响,不利影响
the Asian financial crisis亚州金融危机。即1997年从泰国金融风暴开始导致整个亚州乃至美州、欧州的金融危机。
The strong export performance and capital inflow resulted in the increase of official foreign exchange reserves, from USD 51.6 billion at the end of 1994 to nearly USD 166 billion at the end of 2000. 在此期间,我国的涉外经济成绩斐然。出口和资本流人大幅度增加,官方外汇储备从1994年底的516亿美元增加到2000年底的1600亿美元。
export performance出口业绩(表现)
capital inflow资本流入
official foreign exchange reserves官方外汇储备
The RMB exchange rate has remained stable. The implementation of the stabilization and structural measures has been a major factor underlying the resilience of the Chinese economy in the context of the crisis in Asian financial markets and the recent weakening of global economic activity.人民币汇率保持稳定。宏观经济稳定政策和结构调整措施,是我国经济在亚洲金融危机阴影笼罩和近年来全球经济疲弱的环境下,依然保持较快发展的一个重要因素。
RMB exchange rate人民币汇率
stabilization n.稳定性,指宏观经济稳定政策
structural measures结构调整措施
underlie vt. to be the support or basis of; account for:成为…根据:作为…的支撑或基础
例:Many factors underlie my decision.我的决定以众多因素为基础
resilience n.弹回, 有弹力, 恢复力
in the context of… 在……背景下
context n.the circumstances in which an event occurs; a setting背景:事件发生于其中的环境;背景
weakening 弱化
global economic activity全球经济(活动)
15. 本段对整个段落作了总结性的概括,预期我国银行业及其金融改革必然在我国经济的发展中发挥主导作用。
The banking sector has played an important role in facilitating the implementation of the stabilization and structural measures as well sustaining strong economic growth. 银行业在促进实施宏观经济稳定和结构调整政策以及维持经济强劲增长等方面,发挥了重要的作用。
implementation n.执行;实施
The macroeconomic stability and structural improvement in turn have enabled the banking sector to develop vigorously. 宏观经济稳定和结构性调整反过来也促使银行业得以生机勃勃地发展。
structural improvement结构性调整(改善)
in turn ad.依次, 轮流
enable vt.to supply with the means, knowledge, or opportunity; make able:使能够:提供方法、知识或机会
Although capital market development is expected to speed up, banks in China, which currently provide about 75 percent of aggregate financing in the economy, are likely to continue playing a dominant role in financing economic and technological development as well as the economic reform in the foreseeable future.尽管,中国资本市场的发展将会加快,目前占整个经济融资总量75%的银行业在可以预见的将来,在为经济发展和科技进步融资中仍将发挥主导作用。
这是一个多重复合句,第一个是由从属连词although引导的让步状语从句;在主句中,包括一个由关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。
speed up v.加速
aggregate financing融资总量
aggregate n.合计, 总计 a.合计的, 集合的
finance v.筹措资金, 筹集资金
be likely to可能
dominant a.占优势的, 支配的
in the foreseeable future在可以预见的将来
foreseeable a.可预知的, 能预测的
economic and technological development经济与技术进步(发展)
economic reform经济改革